| 正文(英文) | 15/06/2018 - As income inequality has increased since the 1990s, social mobility has stalled, meaning that fewer people at the bottom have moved up while the richest have largely kept their fortunes. This has severe social, economic and political consequences, according to a new OECD report.
A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility says that given current levels of inequality and intergenerational earnings mobility, it could take at least five generations or 150 years for the child of a poor family to reach the average income, on average across OECD countries.
This ranges from just two to three generations in the Nordic countries to nine generations or more in some emerging economies. One in three children with a low earning father will also have low earnings, while for most of the other two-thirds upward mobility is limited to the neighbouring earnings group.
“Too many people feel they are being left behind and their children have too few chances to get ahead,” said Gabriela Ramos, OECD Chief of Staff and Sherpa to the G20, who also oversees the OECD's Inclusive Growth Initiative. “We need to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to succeed, especially the most disadvantaged, and that growth becomes truly inclusive.”
Across generations, earnings mobility prospects tend to be weaker in countries where income inequality is high, and stronger in countries where inequality is low. The Nordic countries combine low inequality with high mobility whereas Latin American countries and some emerging economies have high inequality but low mobility.
Income mobility was a reality for many people born between 1955 and 1975 from low-educated parents but it has stagnated for those born after 1975.
Over the four year period observed in this report, about 60% of people remained stuck in the lowest 20% income bracket, while 70% remained at the top. At the same time, one-in-seven of all middle class households, and one-in-five of people living closer to lower incomes, fell into the bottom 20%.
Countries need to put in place policies that give everyone the chance to succeed, says the OECD. Increased investment in education, particularly at an early age, health and family policies would create a more level playing field for disadvantaged children and mitigate the impact of financial hardship on their future.
Access to good quality, affordable housing, as well as transport, and improved urban planning also help reduce regional divides and concentrations of disadvantaged households in cities. Reducing inheritance and gifts tax avoidance, and designing progressive tax systems with adequate rates and reduced exemptions would enhance social mobility. Strengthening safety nets and training schemes, as well as tying social protection entitlements to individuals, not jobs, would help people, especially low earners, cope with losing their job.
The report is part of the OECD’s broader Inclusive Growth Initiative, that has just released its Framework for Policy Action, with a dashboard of indicators and policy tools to address inequalities.
The OECD has also launched an updated version of the interactive web-tool, Compare your income, which can be easily embedded in webpages. It includes new questions on economic mobility across generations, and is available in eleven languages. The tool is built using the most recent data from the OECD Income Distribution Database, while for the questions related to perceptions of economic mobility data come from Pew Research Center, a non-advocacy, global fact tank.
The report, as well as country notes for Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, can be downloaded at http://www.oecd.orghttp://www.oecd.org/social/broken-elevator-how-to-promote-social-mobility-9789264301085-en.htm
For more information, journalists should contact Gabriela Ramos, Stefano Scarpetta (tel. + 33 1 45 24 19 88), Michael Förster (tel. + 33 1 45 24 92 80), Stéphane Carcillo (tel. + 33 1 45 24 80 31) or Céline Thevenot (tel. + 33 1 45 24 92 85) of the OECD’s Jobs and Income Division or the OECD Media Division (tel. + 33 1 45 24 97 00).
Working with over 100 countries, the OECD is a global policy forum that promotes policies to improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.
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