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IMAGE: New polymer fuel additives are better at reducing explosive fires (bottom) than conventional additives (top). view more
Credit: Julia Kornfield
ORLANDO, Fla., April 2, 2019 -- When an act of terrorism or a vehicle or industrial accident ignites fuel, the resulting fire or explosion can be devastating. Today, scientists will describe how lengthy but microscopic chains of polymers could be added to fuel to significantly reduce the damage from these terrifying incidents without impacting performance.
The researchers will present their results today at the American Chemical Society (ACS) Spring 2019 National Meeting & Exposition. ACS, the world's largest scientific society, is holding the meeting here through Thursday. It features nearly 13,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.
The project was motivated by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. On that day, passenger planes loaded with fuel were crashed into the Twin Towers at New York City's World Trade Center. The impact set off a chain of events that ultimately brought down the buildings, Julia Kornfield, Ph.D., says.
When the planes struck the buildings, their fuel turned into mist. Ignition of the mist blew out hundreds of windows (providing more air to feed the fire), ruptured concrete membranes between floors and stripped insulation off steel beams, she says. If fuel misting hadn't occurred, the initial destruction wouldn't have been as severe, and the buildings might have been able to withstand the lesser damage, says Kornfield, who studies polymers and flow behavior at the California Institute of Technology.
After the attack, one of her colleagues suggested that adding small amounts of polymers to fuel could limit misting during a high-speed impact and reduce the risk of subsequent fire or explosion. Prompted by the suggestion, Kornfield and her team began a quest for suitable polymers that could dissipate the impact energy that would ordinarily break fuel drops into a mist.
Other researchers pursuing this goal have developed "ultralong" polymers that can diminish the outcome of an impact, resulting in cooler, shorter fires. However, ultralong polymers aren't very practical because they interfere with engine operation, Kornfield notes. They also irreversibly break down into smaller molecules when they run through pipelines or pumps, losing efficacy.
As an alternative, her team created polymers that can reversibly link up end-to-end via carboxylic acid and amine groups to form "megasupramolecules," which are as long as ultralong polymers but don't break apart in pipelines or pumps. The researchers, who created videos about the work, cofounded the startup company Fluid Efficiency to further develop the polymers and provide samples for evaluation to petrochemical companies, lubricants producers and pipeline operators.
Results have been encouraging. Misting was significantly reduced in fuel treated with the polymers, and after the fuel was ignited, the flame self-extinguished. A recent test suggests that megasupra-molecules added at a refinery or fuel depot would remain active after passing through more than 600 miles of pipeline and hundreds of pumps, Kornfield says, noting ultralong polymers would have lost most of their potency after 50 miles. "This is an important step toward providing an additive that could improve transportation safety for all users receiving fuel through a pipeline network without concern that protection was lost in transit," she explains.
Kornfield's molecules have other advantages. They enhance lubrication and flow through pipelines and hoses during fuel distribution. Because the polymer molecules' hydrocarbon backbone resembles that of fuel, they remain soluble even at low temperatures. In addition, the molecules break up into smaller ones when they pass into engines and burn with the fuel, so they don't interfere with engine performance. As an unexpected bonus, the additive reduces soot formation by diesel fuel engines by 12 percent, according to preliminary testing at the University of California, Riverside.
At present, the polymers would add a penny or two to the cost of a gallon of fuel, which she says is a bit costly. They would like to collaborate with partners who can reduce the price and test the molecules' performance with a variety of fuels. The U.S. Army plans to study the utility of the additives in scenarios involving various impacts and projectiles such as improvised explosive devices.
A press conference on this topic will be held Tuesday, April 2, at 1:30 p.m. Eastern time in the Orange County Convention Center. Reporters may check-in at the press center, Room W231B, or watch live on YouTube http://bit.
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Kornfield acknowledges funding from the U.S. Army, NASA, the California Institute of Technology and the National Science Foundation.
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Title
Mitigating post-impact energy release from liquid fuels
Abstract
Impacts that target fuel depots, fuel tanker trucks or rail cars, or the fuel tanks of vehicles, in addition to impacts that use a fully fueled vehicle as a weapon, inflict greater damage by rapidly releasing much of the energy content of the fuel. Here, high-performance polymers are used to inhibit misting of fuel following impact to mitigate fuel explosion/conflagration. The approach is complementary to strategies that modify materials of construction of vehicles or buildings. Polymers added to fuel can mitigate impact-induced damage even when it is not possible to retrofit existing equipment or structures. Mist control polymers are complementary to approaches that provide fire retardant when impact is detected. Mist control polymers dissolved in fuel function through their innate response to rapid elongational deformation and do not require sensors or control devices to activate their response. The present polymers overcome prior obstacles to mist control fuel additives: 1) they do not degrade during transport of fuel through pumps and pipelines; 2) they remain soluble at low temperatures (down to the freezing point of kerosene); 3) they are compatible with necessary fuel processing (filtering and dewatering); and 4) they burn in unmodified engines without measurably affecting power output or fuel efficiency. This combination of attributes was guided by theoretical predictions of the molecular structure and concentration range in which end-to-end association of polymers could produce a significant population of supramolecules having molecular weight greater than 5 Mg/mol, referred to as "megasupramolecules." This talk will summarize the theoretical basis for the molecular design, the synthetic route to the polymers and characterization of their molecular structure, their rheological properties in shear flow, and their performance in various fuel tests, including qualitative observations regarding post impact misting, ignition and flame propagation. (Disclosure: The speaker is a co-founder of Fluid Efficiency.)
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