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Aiming for launch in mid-2022, Proba-3 comprises two small metre-scale satellites to be placed together in Earth orbit. They will line up to cast a precise shadow across space to block out the solar disc for six hours at a time during each 20 hour orbit, giving researchers a sustained view of the Sun’s immediate vicinity.

Precision formation flying

“To achieve this the satellite pair must achieve an unprecedented precision of flight control,” explains Proba-3 system manager Damien Galano. “They must align along an average distance of 144 m apart, maintained to an accuracy of a few millimetres. By achieving such precision formation flying techniques, in future multiple small satellites could perform equivalent tasks to individual giant spacecraft.”

Proba-3’s focus will be the Sun’s faint atmosphere, or corona, which extends millions of kilometres from the solar surface and is the source of the solar wind and coronal mass ejections – huge magnetic eruptions that can affect space weather all the way to Earth itself.

The corona is also the basis of a long-standing scientific mystery: while the Sun’s surface is a comparatively cool 6000 °C, the corona rises to a sizzling million degrees or more – in apparent defiance to the laws of thermodynamics.

But the dazzling face of the Sun usually masks the faint, wispy corona, like a blazing bonfire next to a firefly.

Revealing the solar corona

“Up until now, the best way to see the corona is briefly during a solar eclipse on Earth, or else using a ‘coronagraph’ instrument incorporating one or more blocking – or ‘occulting’ – discs to blot out the Sun’s disc,” says solar scientist Andrei Zhukov of the Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB).

He is the principal investigator of Proba-3’s main ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun) telescope, while also serving as ROB’s project scientist of Solar Orbiter’s Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI). 

“But sunlight still bends around such blocking discs– known as ‘diffraction’ – which can leads to a high level of straylight within an instrument, degrading the resulting image,” adds Andrei.

“The idea behind Proba-3 is to cut that straylight fivefold and in the same time observe very close to the edge of the Sun, by flying the external blocking disc far away from the rest of the telescope, aboard a separate satellite.

“I’m looking forward to the time when Proba-3 is operating along with other Sun-watching missions. While Solar Orbiter’s EUI observes changes on the solar surface in extreme ultraviolet, Proba-3 will clearly show associated features within the inner corona in visible light, revealing interactions between the Sun and its surroundings.”

Proba-3: Dancing with the stars
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Mission taking shape

The mission has passed its ‘critical design review’, leading to the manufacturing and testing of satellite hardware.

“The prototype of the 1.4-m diameter external occulting disc has undergone testing,” explains Delphine Jollet, platform system engineer.

“Its rim, made of temperature-resistant carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP), has to meet very stringent requirements to precisely hold its torus shape, designed to minimise the straylight spilling over its edges into ASPIICS. Skilled workmanship is essential to prepare the CFRP layout for moulding.”

“A secondary internal occulting disc is mounted within the instrument, this one just 3.5 mm in diameter, but having similarly stringent dimensional standards,” notes Proba-3 payload engineer Jorg Versluys.

“This internal occulter is part of the qualification model of the ASPIICS instrument that is being tested in simulated space conditions.”