| 英文摘要 | The Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ), the closest living relative to the extinct woolly rhino, has been on decline for about a million years ([ 1 ][1]), but it is now at risk of imminent extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, the Sumatran rhino is Critically Endangered ([ 2 ][2]). In just 20 years, the species population has decreased from 250 to just 80 animals. Since the recent death of the last Sumatran rhino in Malaysia ([ 3 ][3]), all remaining individuals live in one of four subpopulations in Indonesia ([ 2 ][2], [ 4 ][4]). The current population is not sustainable without the help of breeding programs.
The main reason for the Sumatran rhino's population collapse is poaching driven by the Asian black market of traditional medicine, where a kilo of rhino horn can sell at around US$65,000 ([ 5 ][5], [ 6 ][6]). In addition, human activities such as deforestation fragment the rhino's habitats ([ 4 ][4]). If these human activities continue, the rhino population will likely go extinct by 2030 ([ 7 ][7]).
In addition to curtailing these harmful activities, capture, relocation, and breeding programs are now critical to prevent population collapse and avoid harmful mutations leading to diseases that reduce the reproductive capacity of the Sumatran rhinos ([ 8 ][8], [ 9 ][9]). The breeding programs managed by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums ([ 10 ][10]) may be able to provide conservation programs with new individuals to increase genetic diversity. However, these strategies must take into account that Sumatran rhinos do not thrive or breed well in captivity or outside their ecosystem ([ 11 ][11]). Breeding programs should urgently be established in the rhino's natural habitat and include both natural and artificial insemination as well as embryo technologies, as has been tried for the northern white rhino ([ 12 ][12]). We must devote time and resources to ensure that the remaining 80 Sumatran rhinos are not the last.
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3. [↵][16]1. J. Bittel
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6. [↵][21]1. L. Neme
, “Despite ban, rhino horn flooding black markets across China,” National Geographic (2017).
7. [↵][22]1. W. J. Ripple et al
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8. [↵][25]International Rhino Foundation, Sumatran rhino rescue ().
9. [↵][26]1. N. E. Schaffer et al
., J. Threat. Taxa 12, 15279 (2020).
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10. [↵][28]World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Conservation Breeding Programmes ([www.waza.org/priorities/conservation/conservation-breeding-programmes/][29]).
11. [↵][30]1. J. Hance
, “When it comes to captive breeding, not all Sumatran rhinos are equal,” Mongabay (2019).
12. [↵][31]1. E. Callaway
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