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Skills development is necessary to face changes in the labour market, led by important transformations such as digitalisation, ageing populations and climate change. Given the importance of micro and small enterprises for the EU economy and employment, the study provides insights into the main challenges faced by those companies, potential opportunities stemming from up-skilling and re-skilling activities as well as policy options.

This study was prepared by CEPS for the European Commission – Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (DG EMPL) at the request of the Unit for Vocational Education and Training, apprenticeships and adult learning, under the Directorate of Skills. The paper is also available for download from the European Commission website.

​For a detail report per Member States (Germany, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and Slovakia), you can download the study’s volume 2: Country Reports