A molecular trap against COVID-19

doi:10.1126/science.abe0010

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abe0010
	A molecular trap against COVID-19
	Brandon J. DeKosky
	2020-09-04
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	The cell surface peptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary receptor for the spike (S) fusion protein that facilitates cell entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Numerous studies are evaluating therapeutic and preventive treatments that block S protein interactions with ACE2 molecules that are expressed on host cells. For example, the ACE2 binding site can be occluded by monoclonal antibodies, several of which are rapidly advancing in clinical trials. Several vaccines undergoing clinical development also induce antibody responses that block ACE2–S protein interactions. On page 1261 of this issue, Chan et al. ([ 1 ][1]) perform high-throughput mutagenesis and screening to reveal ACE2 mutations that enhance affinity for S protein, providing new insights into the ACE2–S protein interaction on which infection critically depends. The authors propose a strategy to apply engineered recombinant ACE2 variants as decoy receptors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The dimeric ACE2 enzyme is a vasopeptidase expressed on the surface of epithelial cells in many tissues, including the lung, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. It has a primary role in reducing blood pressure and inflammation as part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ACE2 expression is closely associated with the tissue tropism of SARS-CoV-2 infection ([ 2 ][2]). The trimeric S protein comprises two subunits, S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains a receptor binding domain (RBD), which binds to ACE2. In addition to ACE2 binding, a protease cleavage of S protein is required for cell entry to allow S1 to release and reveal the hydrophobic cell fusion peptide of the S2 subunit ([ 3 ][3]). The cleavage between S1 and S2 can be accomplished by several different proteases, including transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which is expressed in select tissues, and cathepsin L, which becomes activated in the low-pH endosomal environment ([ 4 ][4], [ 5 ][5]). The role of ACE2 in facilitating S1 shedding remains to be determined ([ 6 ][6]). Recent data show that S protein undergoes a conformational rearrangement at endosomal pH that modifies S trimer interactions and rotates the RBD from the “up” to the “down” conformation, which also influences ACE2 binding affinity ([ 7 ][7]). The predominant reliance of SARS-CoV-2 on ACE2 for cell entry has led to a focus on the development of new methods to disrupt ACE2 binding to S protein as potential COVID-19 medical interventions. Chan et al. performed protein engineering studies to understand SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 specificity characteristics and to engineer high-affinity ACE2 variants that could serve as a receptor decoy and compete with native ACE2 for binding to the RBD on SARS-CoV-2. They demonstrate that a number of residues in ACE2 can be further optimized to enhance ACE2 affinity for soluble RBD binding. The mutations providing enhanced or decreased affinity give important insights about ACE2-RBD interactions. One key finding was that disrupting the Asn90 glycosylation motif in ACE2 enhanced the RBD binding affinity, by about twofold for the Thr92→Gln ACE2 variant. Because glycosylation is a heterogeneous posttranslational modification that varies within cells and between cell types, this finding implies a potential for nonglycosylated ACE2 molecules to be more permissive to infection than fully glycosylated ACE2. Chan et al. identified several other mutations at the ACE2-RBD interface that reveal more structural features of the ACE2-RBD complex, including for ACE2 residues 27 to 31 at the binding interface, and several other mutations that suggest the influence of longer-range protein folding interactions. As in Chan et al. , comprehensive mutagenesis and functional screening are being used extensively to interrogate virus-cell and antibody-virus interactions related to SARS-CoV-2. Chan et al. screened cellular receptor variants using mammalian cells, whereas another recent study performed a similar analysis of the RBD domain of S protein with yeast display, revealing structural constraints and affinity landscapes on the viral side of the ACE2-RBD interaction ([ 8 ][8]). Mutagenesis and screening of antibody proteins have been used for decades to elucidate antibody structure-function relationships and are now being used to improve antibody drug discovery against SARS-CoV-2. These mutagenesis and screening studies are accelerated by next-generation sequencing and provide rapid, high-throughput data on viral fusion interactions, along with opportunities for protein engineering and therapeutic discovery of antiviral vaccines and biologics. Chan et al. outline a strategy to use an enhanced-affinity engineered ACE2 variant as a receptor decoy to block S protein on SARS-CoV-2. One engineered ACE2 variant, sACE22.v2.4, showed ∼10-fold enhanced potency for preventing infection in vitro (i.e., neutralizing the virus) compared with wild-type ACE2. sACE22.v2.4 showed a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 that was subnanomolar. The potency of dimeric sACE22.v2.4 compared favorably to neutralizing monoclonal antibody potencies—only a small subset of monoclonal antibodies also exhibit subnanomolar IC50 values. sACE22.v2.4 also neutralized SARS-CoV (which causes SARS), suggesting that the engineered ACE2 mutations affect conserved interactions among the two related coronaviruses that both use ACE2 as a cell-entry receptor. Other receptor decoys have been pursued as antivirals, including against HIV (based on the CD4 host cell receptor) ([ 9 ][9]) and human rhinoviruses \[based on the host cell receptor intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)\] ([ 10 ][10]). Receptor decoys have not yet led to a clinically approved antiviral medication, but some have been demonstrated to be safe in human trials and showed efficacy in reducing viral titers and symptom severity in a controlled prevention and challenge study of the common cold ([ 11 ][11]). Engineered ACE2 receptor decoys are another addition to a panoply of exciting new strategies to block COVID-19 by disrupting ACE2–S protein interactions, where major parallel efforts are under way (see the figure). RBD-focused vaccines elicit antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by directly blocking ACE2 binding. Recombinant S protein vaccines, whole-virus inactivated vaccines, and live-attenuated vaccines also elicit antibodies that interrupt binding to ACE2, in addition to other viral epitope targets. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery strategies vary broadly, and numerous vaccines are advancing rapidly through clinical trials. Several small molecules have also been identified to block ACE2, including lectins and synthetic peptides derived from ACE2 ([ 12 ][12]). Small molecules can have key advantages in cost, production, stability, distribution, and administration compared with biologics. However, the less precise mechanisms of action and thus the potential for side effects increase clinical risk of small-molecule ACE2–S protein binding inhibitors. Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines possess a very different risk profile than small-molecule drugs. Perhaps the highest risk is antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), where antibody Fc interactions can promote inflammation in respiratory mucosa that causes immunopathology. ADE is often associated with poorly neutralizing antibodies and has been reported for other respiratory vaccines and in prior studies of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS ([ 13 ][13]). Fortunately, convalescent plasma (which contains antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients) therapy has revealed no substantial ADE burdens ([ 14 ][14]), and potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are less likely to cause ADE. ![Figure][15] Blocking infection There are multiple approaches to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein from binding to its cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). GRAPHIC: V. ALTOUNIAN/ SCIENCE ; (PROTEIN STRUCTURE DATA) W. SONG ET AL. PLOS PATHOGENS 10.1371/JOURNAL.PPAT.1007236 (2018) AND R. YAN ET AL. SCIENCE 367 , 1444 (2020) As a new biologic therapy, soluble ACE2-based receptor decoys have the advantage of no associated ADE risks, and recombinant ACE2 has an established clinical safety record for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension and acute respiratory distress (clinical trials NCT01597635 and NCT03177603). The major disadvantage for soluble ACE2 as a COVID-19 preventive may be its relatively short half-life [∼10 hours in prior studies ([ 15 ][16])], suggesting that it may be best suited for treating COVID-19. The half-life could be increased for prevention indications by fusing them to an immunoglobulin G Fc domain. In addition to viral neutralization, therapeutic ACE2 could alleviate COVID-19 symptoms by decreasing inflammation and fluid accumulation in lung tissue, making engineered ACE2 biologics a promising approach to treat COVID-19 that may synergize with other treatment modalities. New COVID-19 treatments and preventions are advancing rapidly, with numerous approaches to disrupt ACE2-mediated viral entry. Clinical trial results for the first generation of therapies will likely be announced at an accelerating pace toward the end of 2020, and additional structural information regarding ACE2 interactions with RBD and clarification of viral cell-fusion mechanisms will inspire new drugs to disrupt SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several challenges remain, including the logistical burdens of deploying medical interventions to blunt the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Methods of blocking ACE2-dependent viral entry that build on the growing understanding of ACE2 interactions may provide some of the strategies needed to suppress SARS-CoV-2, and other future coronaviruses. 1. [↵][17]1. K. K. Chan et al ., Science 369, 1261 (2020). [OpenUrl][18][Abstract/FREE Full Text][19] 2. [↵][20]1. Y. J. Hou et al ., Cell 182, 429 (2020). [OpenUrl][21] 3. [↵][22]1. D. Wrapp et al ., Science 367, 1260 (2020). [OpenUrl][23][Abstract/FREE Full Text][24] 4. [↵][25]1. X. Ou et al ., Nat. Commun. 11, 1620 (2020). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
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文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/293263
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Brandon J. DeKosky. A molecular trap against COVID-19[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Brandon J. DeKosky.(2020).A molecular trap against COVID-19.Science.
MLA	Brandon J. DeKosky."A molecular trap against COVID-19".Science (2020).