A new primary visual cortex

doi:10.1126/science.abe1482

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abe1482
	A new primary visual cortex
	Riccardo Beltramo
	2020-10-02
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	FINALIST Riccardo Beltramo Riccardo Beltramo received his undergraduate degree from the University of Turin and a Ph.D. from the Italian Institute of Technology. After his doctoral training, Beltramo joined the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California, San Diego and the University of California, San Francisco, where he is completing his postdoctoral work. He studies sensory perception in the mouse visual system, focusing on understanding how cortical and subcortical neural circuits process visual information to drive behavior. [www.sciencemag.org/content/370/6512/46.2][1] In the mid—19th century, Bartolomeo Panizza, a professor at the University of Pavia, observed patients who became blind after a stroke in the posterior part of their brain and made a bold claim: Visual function is localized in the cerebral cortex ([ 1 ][2]). Given that widely accepted theories at that time assumed that all parts of the brain equally contributed to every mental activity, the idea of localized function—a fundamental pillar of modern neuroscience—was truly revolutionary. Performing targeted cortical ablations in animals, Panizza confirmed his hypothesis of a cortical region dedicated to visual processing, which became known as the primary visual cortex, or V1. V1 receives retinal input through the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and extracts basic features from the visual world ([ 2 ][3]). It then projects to a constellation of higher visual cortices that compute more complex aspects of the visual scene ([ 2 ][3]). The classical hierarchical model of cortical processing implies that visual responses in downstream areas depend on the activity of V1 ([ 3 ][4]). Indeed, in multiple species, from cats to rodents to primates, lesions of V1 severely impair the visual responses of all known higher visual cortices ([ 3 ][4]–[ 7 ][5]). Thus, V1 has long been considered the driver of all visually evoked activity in the cortex. Panizza's pioneering studies and our mutual Italian ancestry inspired my postdoctoral research. I began by characterizing the anatomy, function, and gene expression of V1 cells in the mouse visual cortex, focusing on V1 neurons that target higher visual cortices ([ 8 ][6]). Fascinated by the hierarchical organization of the cortex ([ 3 ][4]), I wanted to determine whether visual responses in downstream visual areas depend on V1 activity, as posited by traditional dogma. Taking advantage of the optogenetic tools available for use in mice, I systematically verified the effects of silencing V1 on the responses of downstream visual cortices ([ 9 ][7]). I discovered that one of them—the postrhinal cortex (POR)—was minimally affected upon V1 silencing. The POR is a lateral-temporal cortex ([ 10 ][8]) known to be innervated by V1 axons ([ 11 ][9]). If this region does not receive visual input from V1, I wondered, where does this information come from? The dorsolateral geniculate nucleus relays retinal information to V1 and also projects to higher visual cortices ([ 12 ][10]). To test whether the POR receives direct geniculate input, I injected it with retrograde tracers. I found that the POR did not receive geniculate afferents but was heavily targeted by another thalamic nucleus: the caudal pulvinar. But which structure relayed visual information to the caudal pulvinar and POR? In 2019, less than 100 miles from the laboratory where Panizza discovered V1, an Italian neurophysiologist at the University of Torino received a threatening letter. Enclosed inside was a bullet. The researcher, neuroscientist Marco Tamietto, had been targeted by animal rights activists for experiments involving V1 microlesions in primates ([ 13 ][11]). His studies focused on an enigmatic condition referred to as “blindsight” ([ 14 ][12]). Blindsighted patients are clinically blind from V1 lesions. However, they still respond to moving stimuli without consciously perceiving them . This intriguing phenomenon is believed to depend on a phylogenetically ancient structure called the superior colliculus (SC) ([ 15 ][13]). The SC, which is also found in nonmammalian vertebrates, receives direct input from the eye and projects to the caudal pulvinar ([ 16 ][14]). Could this ancestral structure drive the visual processing of the POR? Using anterograde transsynaptic viral tracers ([ 17 ][15]), I established a disynaptic connection between the SC and the POR and found that the caudal pulvinar neurons targeted by collicular axons directly innervate the POR. But is this the route taken by visual signals to activate the POR independently of V1? I needed functional evidence to answer this question. I optogenetically and pharmacologically silenced the SC to determine whether this perturbation would affect the POR's response to visual stimuli. Strikingly, collicular silencing abolished visual responses in the POR. My findings redefine the POR as a new cortical primary entry point for visual information independent of V1 and uncover a cortical area dedicated to collicular input ([ 9 ][7]). But why are there two cortical entry points for visual information? Does the POR extract specific information that is not already captured by V1? Seminal experiments on amphibians ([ 18 ][16]) have shown that the SC (called “optic tectum” in nonmammals) exhibits robust responses to small moving objects; think flies crossing the visual field of a frog. This feature earned the optic tectum the name “bug-detector” ([ 18 ][16]). If the distinctive collicular response properties are transferred to the POR, I reasoned, neurons in this region should detect small moving objects, perhaps even better than V1 neurons. To test this hypothesis, I recorded POR and V1 responses to small moving stimuli presented to head-fixed mice. POR neurons significantly outperformed V1 cells in distinguishing the linear motion of small objects. What is the use of such neurons? Perhaps the POR's exquisite sensitivity to motion facilitates the detection of movement while V1 facilitates the discrimination of the nature of the moving object, telling us, for example, whether it is a beautiful butterfly or a dangerous hornet. The POR might also be involved in blindsight because blindsighted people maintain visual responses to moving stimuli in lateral-temporal cortices ([ 19 ][17]), where the POR resides. Almost two centuries after Panizza's discovery, my findings demonstrate the existence of another primary visual cortex. Evolutionary anatomists have theorized that in a hypothetical ancestral vertebrate, the collicular pathway was the original link connecting the eye to the cortex, before the geniculate-V1 pathway development ([ 20 ][18]). If that is indeed the case, it is tempting to regard the POR as our ancestral primary visual cortex. 1. [↵][19]1. S. Zago, 2. M. Nurra, 3. G. Scarlato, 4. V. Silani , Arch. Neurol. 57, 1642 (2000). [OpenUrl][20][PubMed][21] 2. [↵][22]1. S. M. Sherman, 2. R. W. Guillery , Exploring the Thalamus and Its Role in Cortical Function MIT Press, (2001). 3. [↵][23]1. D. J. Felleman, 2. D. C. Van Essen , Cereb. Cortex 1, 1 (1991). [OpenUrl][24][CrossRef][25][PubMed][26][Web of Science][27] 4. 1. P. Girard, 2. P. A. Salin, 3. J. Bullier , J. Neurophysiol. 66, 1493 (1991). [OpenUrl][28][CrossRef][29][PubMed][30][Web of Science][31] 5. 1. S. Molotchnikoff, 2. F. Hubert , Brain Res. 510, 223 (1990). [OpenUrl][32][CrossRef][33][PubMed][34] 6. 1. P. H. Schiller, 2. J. G. 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/298045
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Riccardo Beltramo. A new primary visual cortex[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Riccardo Beltramo.(2020).A new primary visual cortex.Science.
MLA	Riccardo Beltramo."A new primary visual cortex".Science (2020).