Novel communities are a risky business

doi:10.1126/science.abe4727

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abe4727
	Novel communities are a risky business
	Maria Dornelas; Joshua S. Madin
	2020-10-09
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	As in business, most action in biodiversity happens in turnover. Net changes in balance give us some indication of performance. However, knowing the volumes of income and payments that make up that balance conveys much more information about how a business is operating. The same is true of ecological communities: Knowing net changes in the number of species is useful, but the gains and losses of species encapsulated in turnover hold essential information about biodiversity change. High turnover is emerging as the signature of biodiversity patterns in the Anthropocene ([ 1 ][1]–[ 3 ][2]), raising questions as to the causes and consequences of high turnover in biodiversity. On page 220 of this issue, Pandolfi et al. ([ 4 ][3]) look into the deeper past to identify when turnover is so increased that it results in completely new combinations of species, known as novel communities. The stability of ecological communities is a controversial topic. Under normal conditions, there is some degree of turnover; environmental variation and chance events lead to some fluctuation in which species exist in any particular community. One view is that this variation occurs within bounds because ecological communities exist in dynamic equilibrium in configurations called stable states. Extreme disturbances and persistent forces can lead to abrupt changes in communities called phase shifts ([ 5 ][4]), which are characterized by very high turnover in composition. Modern examples of this phenomenon are shifts between coral- and algal-dominated systems in tropical reefs or between clear and turbid lakes ([ 5 ][4]). A contrasting view is that community composition changes continuously, determined by a complex array of continuously changing conditions interacting with demographic variation of each species ([ 6 ][5]). This view is supported by growing empirical evidence that discrete community stable states, and shifts between them, are rare or nonexistent ([ 7 ][6]). Even gut microbiomes, originally thought to be relatively stable, show extraordinary turnover ([ 8 ][7]), with communities measured weeks apart bearing very little resemblance to one another ([ 9 ][8]). Looking at how communities have changed in the past can help us understand the mechanics of stability. The rates of change in species losses and gains that underpin turnover have varied greatly in the past ([ 10 ][9]). The biggest turnover events occurred during mass extinction events ([ 11 ][10]). However, in their study of the past composition of marine plankton communities, Pandolfi et al. identify several transitions in the past 65 million years when increased turnover led to the appearance of novel communities. These transitions are rare in the time period examined but highly influential in that they disrupt the communities of species that are found together. For example, the biotic interactions that are necessary for ecosystems to function are disrupted during periods of increased turnover ([ 12 ][11]). Critically, Pandolfi et al. find evidence that novelty generates more novelty, with transitions among novel states being 2 to 10 times more likely than one would expect by chance. The transience of novel communities is perhaps indicative of restructuring biotic interactions. Using the quantitative approach proposed by Pandolfi et al. , it will be possible to examine whether periods of transition to novel communities coincide with periods of disruption in ecosystem functions. Transitions to novel communities are underpinned by enhanced rates of local extinctions and colonizations (see the figure). Four main types of process have been proposed to mediate community dynamics: drift, selection, dispersal, and speciation ([ 13 ][12]). Drift entails random changes in species abundances; selection refers to differences among organisms that determine their ability to leave descendants; dispersal relates to movement of organisms across different communities; and speciation is the process of generating new species. Drift and selection control extinction rates, and colonization can arise either from dispersal of existing species or speciation. All four processes are likely to accelerate in transitions to novel communities. For example, 10 million to 12 million years ago, climatic change unleashed selection forces, in combination with enhanced dispersal facilitated by new land bridges, which led to novel communities in North America ([ 12 ][11]). Pandolfi et al. find that transitions to novel communities involve the highest rates of local extinctions and originations (relative to emigrations and immigrations). Evidence is clear that the composition of ecological communities is not static. The history of life on this planet is full of examples of extraordinary communities that no longer exist. Benthic marine faunas of the Cambrian bear little resemblance to those of the modern because of the extinction or major decline of groups such as the trilobites and brachiopods and the radiation of groups such as snails, clams, and corals ([ 11 ][10]). Pandolfi et al. add to growing evidence that turnover occurs even during relatively stable periods of the past. This constant change in composition has important implications for conservation goals because it challenges the idea of baseline communities with any particular composition. Communities have always changed in their composition and should continue to do so. A nostalgic longing for a lost Garden of Eden, which permeated the roots of the conservation movement, is not supported by what we know of the past and expect in the future. Understanding past transitions to novel communities has important implications for current trends in biodiversity. Cases of complete turnover in marine assemblages ([ 3 ][2]), combined with evidence of accelerating extinction and colonization rates ([ 14 ][13]), add to the evidence that many communities are currently undergoing similar transitions. Lessons from the past warn us that more change is likely to unfold. The past also tells us that although biodiversity is always changing, not all change is the same. The dynamic nature of community composition provides an argument for conservation goals to focus on rates of change ([ 15 ][14]) rather than aiming for particular states and for biodiversity science to scrutinize the mediating processes ([ 13 ][12]) responsible for changing rates. 1. [↵][15]1. M. 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M.D. is supported by Leverhulme Trust Research Centre–the Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity and a Leverhulme Research Grant (RPG-2019-402). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/298082
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Maria Dornelas,Joshua S. Madin. Novel communities are a risky business[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Maria Dornelas,&Joshua S. Madin.(2020).Novel communities are a risky business.Science.
MLA	Maria Dornelas,et al."Novel communities are a risky business".Science (2020).