Global S&T Development Trend Analysis Platform of Resources and Environment
DOI | 10.5194/acp-17-403-2017 |
Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons | |
Schumann, Ulrich1; Baumann, Robert1; Baumgardner, Darrel2; Bedka, Sarah T.3; Duda, David P.3; Freudenthaler, Volker4; Gayet, Jean-Francois5; Heymsfield, Andrew J.6; Minnis, Patrick7; Quante, Markus8; Raschke, Ehrhard9,10; Schlager, Hans1; Vazquez-Navarro, Margarita1; Voigt, Christiane1,11; Wang, Zhien12 | |
2017-01-10 | |
发表期刊 | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS |
ISSN | 1680-7316 |
EISSN | 1680-7324 |
出版年 | 2017 |
卷号 | 17期号:1 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | Germany; USA; France |
英文摘要 | Mean properties of individual contrails are characterized for a wide range of jet aircraft as a function of age during their life cycle from seconds to 11.5 h (7.4-18.7 km altitude, -88 to -31 degrees C ambient temperature), based on a compilation of about 230 previous in situ and remote sensing measurements. The airborne, satellite, and ground-based observations encompass exhaust contrails from jet aircraft from 1972 onwards, as well as a few older data for propeller aircraft. The contrails are characterized by mean ice particle sizes and concentrations, extinction, ice water content, optical depth, geometrical depth, and contrail width. Integral contrail properties include the cross-section area and total number of ice particles, total ice water content, and total extinction (area integral of extinction) per contrail length. When known, the contrail-causing aircraft and ambient conditions are characterized. The individual datasets are briefly described, including a few new analyses performed for this study, and compiled together to form a "contrail library" (COLI). The data are compared with results of the Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model. The observations confirm that the number of ice particles in contrails is controlled by the engine exhaust and the formation process in the jet phase, with some particle losses in the wake vortex phase, followed later by weak decreases with time. Contrail cross sections grow more quickly than expected from exhaust dilution. The cross-section-integrated extinction follows an algebraic approximation. The ratio of volume to effective mean radius decreases with time. The ice water content increases with increasing temperature, similar to non-contrail cirrus, while the equivalent relative humidity over ice saturation of the contrail ice mass increases at lower temperatures in the data. Several contrails were observed in warm air above the Schmidt-Appleman threshold temperature. The "emission index" of ice particles, i.e., the number of ice particles formed in the young contrail per burnt fuel mass, is estimated from the measured concentrations for estimated dilution; maximum values exceed 10(15) kg(-1). The dependence of the data on the observation methods is discussed. We find no obvious indication for significant contributions from spurious particles resulting from shattering of ice crystals on the microphysical probes. |
领域 | 地球科学 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000393756100002 |
WOS关键词 | IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS ; AIRCRAFT EXHAUST PLUMES ; WATER-VAPOR MEASUREMENTS ; TO-CIRRUS TRANSITION ; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES ; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES ; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS ; UPPER TROPOSPHERE ; ICE PARTICLES ; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/30739 |
专题 | 地球科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany; 2.Droplet Measurement Technol Inc, Boulder, CO USA; 3.Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA; 4.Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Meteorolog Inst, Munich, Germany; 5.CNRS, Lab Meteorol Phys, Clermont Ferrand, France; 6.Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA; 7.NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA; 8.Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Inst Coastal Res, Geesthacht, Germany; 9.Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany; 10.Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; 11.Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Mainz, Germany; 12.Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Schumann, Ulrich,Baumann, Robert,Baumgardner, Darrel,et al. Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons[J]. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2017,17(1). |
APA | Schumann, Ulrich.,Baumann, Robert.,Baumgardner, Darrel.,Bedka, Sarah T..,Duda, David P..,...&Wang, Zhien.(2017).Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,17(1). |
MLA | Schumann, Ulrich,et al."Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 17.1(2017). |
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