Salmon aquaculture threatens Patagonia

doi:10.1126/science.abj1044

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abj1044
	Salmon aquaculture threatens Patagonia
	Juan G. Navedo; Luis Vargas-Chacoff
	2021-05-14
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2021
英文摘要	In March, a massive die-off of farmed salmon sent more than 2.2 million kilos of rotting fish biomass into the fjords and channels of the Pacific Patagonian wilderness ([ 1 ][1]), critical areas for biodiversity conservation. The mass mortality event is part of a pattern in which industrial salmon farming increases eutrophication and boosts harmful micro-algae blooms ([ 2 ][2]), which enter gills and suffocate fish ([ 3 ][3]). In turn, decomposition of salmon carcasses leads to increased dissolved organic matter, which, in combination with human-induced ocean warming, facilitates the occurrence of more algal blooms ([ 4 ][4]). With a new constitutional act under discussion, Chile should seize this opportunity to add regulations that will stop the cycle and protect the valuable Patagonian region. Pacific Patagonia remained mostly pristine until the 1980s ([ 5 ][5]). The region served as one of the last territories of thriving blue whales ([ 5 ][5]) and provided non-breeding habitat for long-distance migratory shorebirds breeding as far away as Alaska ([ 6 ][6]). Salmon aquaculture markedly changed this vast coastal landscape from Chiloé Archipelago to Tierra del Fuego, affecting even remote channels without any previous signs of human activity other than from Indigenous cultures ([ 7 ][7]). Despite repeated warnings regarding socio-environmental impacts ([ 8 ][8]), salmon aquaculture surpassed 1,000,000 tons in 2020 and is now one of the largest economic activities in Chile, the second-largest salmon producer in the world ([ 9 ][9]). In addition to pollution generated by the industry, the regular escape of farmed salmon from broken cages adds non-native mesopredators to foodwebs and affects wildlife by transferring aquaculture-associated diseases ([ 10 ][10]) and antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes, which can take hold in wild animals ([ 11 ][11]). The international community, which serves as the market for Chile's salmon, can leverage its economic power to convince Chile to take action to protect this unique biodiversity hotspot from the environmental effects of salmon aquaculture. Existing government regulations and industry standards must be strengthened. For example, current sustainable aquaculture labelling schemes label some salmon operations as “sustainable” without fully evaluating impacts to wildlife and the surrounding environment ([ 6 ][6], [ 11 ][11]). The United Nations should push the Chilean government to halt the current expansion of salmon industry toward southern latitudes, especially in the Magallanes region, one of the last bastions of the Patagonian wilderness. Furthermore, a comprehensive monitoring program should be put in place to conduct annual reviews, give warnings to the industry where necessary, and dismantle aquaculture operations that violate the regulations. The United Nations should take advantage of the socio-political momentum in Chile. In October 2020, 79% of voters approved the creation of a new constitutional act for Chile, with the potential to address a variety of issues, including a wide range of environmental regulations ([ 12 ][12]). The proposed legislation presents an opportunity to place much-needed limits on aquaculture development. The act will take shape with the input of independent candidates rather than the current parliamentarians and senators who have contributed to the precarious aquaculture cycle. After three decades of salmon industry development, this process could finally lead to policies that protect the Pacific Patagonian wilderness. 1. [↵][13]Ecoceános, “Millions of salmon die in a new sanitary-environmental disaster in the fjords and channels of Chiloe and Aysen” (2021); [www.ecoceanos.cl/2021/04/millions-of-salmon-die-in-a-new-sanitary-environmental-disaster-in-the-fjords-and-channels-of-chiloe-and-aysen/][14]. 2. [↵][15]1. C. Folke, 2. N. Kautsky, 3. M. Troell , J. Environ. Manage. 40, 173 (1994). [OpenUrl][16][CrossRef][17][Web of Science][18] 3. [↵][19]1. J. León-Muñoz et al ., Sci. Rep. 8, 1330 (2018). [OpenUrl][20] 4. [↵][21]1. H. W. Paerl, 2. J. Huisman , Science 320, 57 (2008). [OpenUrl][22][Abstract/FREE Full Text][23] 5. [↵][24]1. R. Hucke-Gaete, 2. P. Lo Moro, 3. J. Ruiz , Eds., “Conservando el mar de Chiloé, Palena y Guaitecas” (Universidad Austral de Chile, 2010) [in Spanish]. 6. [↵][25]1. J. G. Navedo, 2. V. Araya, 3. C. Verdugo , Sci. Tot. Environ. 777, 146004 (2021). [OpenUrl][26] 7. [↵][27]1. P. A. Marquet et al ., Science 370, 669 (2021). [OpenUrl][28] 8. [↵][29]1. J. R. Barton, 2. A. Floysand , Glob. Environ. Chang. 20, 739 (2010). [OpenUrl][30] 9. [↵][31]Servicio Nacional de Pesca, “Informe sobre uso de antimicrobianos en la salmonicultura nacional: Año 2020” (Gobierno de Chile, 2021) [in Spanish]. 10. [↵][32]1. C. Vargas-Lagos et al ., Fish Shellfish Immunol. 90, 1 (2020). [OpenUrl][33] 11. [↵][34]1. F. C. Cabello, 2. H. P. Godfrey, 3. A. H. Buschmann, 4. H. J. Dölz , Lancet Infect. Dis. 126, 127 (2016). [OpenUrl][35] 12. [↵][36]Gob.cl, Proceso Constituyente ([www.gob.cl/procesoconstituyente/][37]) [in Spanish]. 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/326800
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Juan G. Navedo,Luis Vargas-Chacoff. Salmon aquaculture threatens Patagonia[J]. Science,2021.
APA	Juan G. Navedo,&Luis Vargas-Chacoff.(2021).Salmon aquaculture threatens Patagonia.Science.
MLA	Juan G. Navedo,et al."Salmon aquaculture threatens Patagonia".Science (2021).