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DOI | 10.1126/science.abc7397 |
The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics | |
Salvatore Vitale | |
2021-06-04 | |
发表期刊 | Science |
出版年 | 2021 |
英文摘要 | General relativity predicts that moving massive objects generate gravitational waves, ripples in spacetime that propagate at the speed of light. Direct detection of gravitational waves was first announced in February of 2016. Vitale reviews the scientific results of gravitational wave astronomy over the subsequent 5 years. About 50 events have been detected, mostly the mergers of binary black holes. The mass distribution of those events is unlike previously known black holes and constrains the evolution of massive stars. A binary neutron star merger was detected in both gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation, a form of multi-messenger astrophysics. Tests of general relativity and cosmological measurements have also been performed.
Science , abc7397, this issue p. [eabc7397][1]
### BACKGROUND
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime produced by accelerating masses, as predicted by the general theory of relativity. They have been directly detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo detector.
Gravitational waves encode several physical properties of their sources, such as the masses, spins, equation of state of nuclear matter, and distances. Because they are emitted in regions where gravity is extremely strong, gravitational waves also enable tests of the general theory of relativity.
Some astrophysical phenomena are expected to emit both gravitational and electromagnetic waves, including the mergers of binary neutron stars, a neutron star merger with a black hole, or core-collapse supernovae within the Milky Way. This potentially enables multimessenger studies of these objects.
### ADVANCES
More than 50 gravitational-wave events have been detected, emitted by the inspiral and merger of compact objects (i.e., neutron stars and black holes) in binary systems. The gravitational-wave event GW170817 was emitted by a binary neutron star merger 40 million parsecs from Earth. The collision also generated a highly energetic flash of gamma rays, which yielded the first multimessenger observation of a gravitational-wave source. These measurements showed that binary neutron star mergers are the progenitors of at least some gamma-ray bursts, confirming a hypothesis made decades earlier. The discovery of electromagnetic emission at lower energies—from x-ray to radio frequencies—has enabled an extensive study of the source and has shown that binary neutron stars can produce many of the elements heavier than iron.
Analysis of GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterparts has constrained the equation of state of nuclear matter, the relation between density and pressure in the core of neutron stars; has measured the Hubble constant, which quantifies the local expansion rate of the Universe; and has confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves is equal to the speed of light, within one part in ~1015. A second binary neutron star gravitational-wave signal, GW190525, has neutron star masses outside the range measured in the Milky Way using x-ray observations.
Dozens of gravitational-wave events have been detected from binary black hole mergers. These have shown that the mass distributions of black holes cannot be a single power law, like the mass distribution of the parent stars. Instead, the preferred model has both a power law component and a Gaussian component, centered at |
领域 | 气候变化 ; 资源环境 |
URL | 查看原文 |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/329871 |
专题 | 气候变化 资源环境科学 |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Salvatore Vitale. The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics[J]. Science,2021. |
APA | Salvatore Vitale.(2021).The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics.Science. |
MLA | Salvatore Vitale."The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics".Science (2021). |
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