Global S&T Development Trend Analysis Platform of Resources and Environment
The accretion of volatile-rich material from the outer Solar System represents a crucial prerequisite for Earth to develop oceans and become a habitable planet(1-4). However, the timing of this accretion remains controversial(5-8). It has been proposed that volatile elements were added to Earth by the late accretion of a late veneer consisting of carbonaceous-chondrite-like material after core formation had ceased(6,9,10). This view could not be reconciled with the ruthenium (Ru) isotope composition of carbonaceous chondrites(5,11), which is distinct from that of the modern mantle(12), or of any known meteorite group(5). As a possible solution, Earth'
