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A lower X-gate in TASK channels traps inhibitors within the vestibule 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Chen, Tao;  Nomura, Kinya;  Wang, Xiaolin;  Sohrabi, Reza;  Xu, Jin;  Yao, Lingya;  Paasch, Bradley C.;  Ma, Li;  Kremer, James;  Cheng, Yuti;  Zhang, Li;  Wang, Nian;  Wang, Ertao;  Xin, Xiu-Fang;  He, Sheng Yang
收藏  |  浏览/下载:64/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium (TASK) channels-members of the two pore domain potassium (K-2P) channel family-are found in neurons(1), cardiomyocytes(2-4) and vascular smooth muscle cells(5), where they are involved in the regulation of heart rate(6), pulmonary artery tone(5,7), sleep/wake cycles(8) and responses to volatile anaesthetics(8-11). K-2P channels regulate the resting membrane potential, providing background K+ currents controlled by numerous physiological stimuli(12-15). Unlike other K-2P channels, TASK channels are able to bind inhibitors with high affinity, exceptional selectivity and very slow compound washout rates. As such, these channels are attractive drug targets, and TASK-1 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for obstructive sleep apnoea and atrial fibrillation(16). In general, potassium channels have an intramembrane vestibule with a selectivity filter situated above and a gate with four parallel helices located below  however, the K-2P channels studied so far all lack a lower gate. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of TASK-1, and show that it contains a lower gate-which we designate as an '  X-gate'  -created by interaction of the two crossed C-terminal M4 transmembrane helices at the vestibule entrance. This structure is formed by six residues ((VLRFMT248)-V-243) that are essential for responses to volatile anaesthetics(10), neurotransmitters(13) and G-protein-coupled receptors(13). Mutations within the X-gate and the surrounding regions markedly affect both the channel-open probability and the activation of the channel by anaesthetics. Structures of TASK-1 bound to two high-affinity inhibitors show that both compounds bind below the selectivity filter and are trapped in the vestibule by the X-gate, which explains their exceptionally low washout rates. The presence of the X-gate in TASK channels explains many aspects of their physiological and pharmacological behaviour, which will be beneficial for the future development and optimization of TASK modulators for the treatment of heart, lung and sleep disorders.


The X-ray crystal structure of the potassium channel TASK-1 reveals the presence of an X-gate, which traps small-molecule inhibitors in the intramembrane vestibule and explains their low washout rates from the channel.


  
An open-source drug discovery platform enables ultra-large virtual screens 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7805) : 663-+
作者:  Peron, Simon;  Pancholi, Ravi;  Voelcker, Bettina;  Wittenbach, Jason D.;  olafsdottir, H. Freyja;  Freeman, Jeremy;  Svoboda, Karel
收藏  |  浏览/下载:53/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

VirtualFlow, an open-source drug discovery platform, enables the efficient preparation and virtual screening of ultra-large ligand libraries to identify molecules that bind with high affinity to target proteins.


On average, an approved drug currently costs US$2-3 billion and takes more than 10 years to develop(1). In part, this is due to expensive and time-consuming wet-laboratory experiments, poor initial hit compounds and the high attrition rates in the (pre-)clinical phases. Structure-based virtual screening has the potential to mitigate these problems. With structure-based virtual screening, the quality of the hits improves with the number of compounds screened(2). However, despite the fact that large databases of compounds exist, the ability to carry out large-scale structure-based virtual screening on computer clusters in an accessible, efficient and flexible manner has remained difficult. Here we describe VirtualFlow, a highly automated and versatile open-source platform with perfect scaling behaviour that is able to prepare and efficiently screen ultra-large libraries of compounds. VirtualFlow is able to use a variety of the most powerful docking programs. Using VirtualFlow, we prepared one of the largest and freely available ready-to-dock ligand libraries, with more than 1.4 billion commercially available molecules. To demonstrate the power of VirtualFlow, we screened more than 1 billion compounds and identified a set of structurally diverse molecules that bind to KEAP1 with submicromolar affinity. One of the lead inhibitors (iKeap1) engages KEAP1 with nanomolar affinity (dissociation constant (K-d) = 114 nM) and disrupts the interaction between KEAP1 and the transcription factor NRF2. This illustrates the potential of VirtualFlow to access vast regions of the chemical space and identify molecules that bind with high affinity to target proteins.


  
LRP1 is a master regulator of tau uptake and spread 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7803) : 381-+
作者:  Han, Yan;  Reyes, Alexis A.;  Malik, Sara;  He, Yuan
收藏  |  浏览/下载:22/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The spread of protein aggregates during disease progression is a common theme underlying many neurodegenerative diseases. The microtubule-associated protein tau has a central role in the pathogenesis of several forms of dementia known as tauopathies-including Alzheimer'  s disease, frontotemporal dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy(1). Progression of these diseases is characterized by the sequential spread and deposition of protein aggregates in a predictable pattern that correlates with clinical severity(2). This observation and complementary experimental studies(3,4) have suggested that tau can spread in a prion-like manner, by passing to naive cells in which it templates misfolding and aggregation. However, although the propagation of tau has been extensively studied, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) controls the endocytosis of tau and its subsequent spread. Knockdown of LRP1 significantly reduced tau uptake in H4 neuroglioma cells and in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. The interaction between tau and LRP1 is mediated by lysine residues in the microtubule-binding repeat region of tau. Furthermore, downregulation of LRP1 in an in vivo mouse model of tau spread was found to effectively reduce the propagation of tau between neurons. Our results identify LRP1 as a key regulator of tau spread in the brain, and therefore a potential target for the treatment of diseases that involve tau spread and aggregation.


  
Quantum crystal structure in the 250-kelvin superconducting lanthanum hydride 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7793) : 66-+
作者:  Gate, David;  Saligrama, Naresha;  Leventhal, Olivia;  Yang, Andrew C.;  Unger, Michael S.;  Middeldorp, Jinte;  Chen, Kelly;  Lehallier, Benoit;  Channappa, Divya;  De Los Santos, Mark B.;  McBride, Alisha;  Pluvinage, John;  Elahi, Fanny;  Tam, Grace Kyin-Ye;  Kim, Yongha;  Greicius, Michael;  Wagner, Anthony D.;  Aigner, Ludwig;  Galasko, Douglas R.;  Davis, Mark M.;  Wyss-Coray, Tony
收藏  |  浏览/下载:37/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The discovery of superconductivity at 200 kelvin in the hydrogen sulfide system at high pressures(1) demonstrated the potential of hydrogen-rich materials as high-temperature superconductors. Recent theoretical predictions of rare-earth hydrides with hydrogen cages(2,3) and the subsequent synthesis of LaH10 with a superconducting critical temperature (T-c) of 250 kelvin(4,5) have placed these materials on the verge of achieving the long-standing goal of room-temperature superconductivity. Electrical and X-ray diffraction measurements have revealed a weakly pressure-dependent T-c for LaH10 between 137 and 218 gigapascals in a structure that has a face-centred cubic arrangement of lanthanum atoms(5). Here we show that quantum atomic fluctuations stabilize a highly symmetrical Fm (3) over barm crystal structure over this pressure range. The structure is consistent with experimental findings and has a very large electron-phonon coupling constant of 3.5. Although ab initio classical calculations predict that this Fm (3) over barm structure undergoes distortion at pressures below 230 gigapascals(2,3,) yielding a complex energy landscape, the inclusion of quantum effects suggests that it is the true ground-state structure. The agreement between the calculated and experimental Tc values further indicates that this phase is responsible for the superconductivity observed at 250 kelvin. The relevance of quantum fluctuations calls into question many of the crystal structure predictions that have been made for hydrides within a classical approach and that currently guide the experimental quest for room-temperature superconductivity(6-8). Furthermore, we find that quantum effects are crucial for the stabilization of solids with high electron-phonon coupling constants that could otherwise be destabilized by the large electron-phonon interaction(9), thus reducing the pressures required for their synthesis.


  
Effect of Teleconnected Land-Atmosphere Coupling on Northeast China Persistent Drought in Spring-Summer of 2017 期刊论文
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 2019, 32 (21) : 7403-7420
作者:  Zeng, Dingwen;  Yuan, Xing;  Roundy, Joshua K.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:17/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Anticyclones  Rossby waves  Drought  Atmosphere-land interaction  Potential vorticity  Soil moisture  
Shifts in phenological distributions reshape interaction potential in natural communities 期刊论文
ECOLOGY LETTERS, 2018, 21 (8) : 1143-1151
作者:  Carter, Shannon K.;  Saenz, Daniel;  Rudolf, Volker H. W.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:19/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Amphibians  climate change  interaction potential  phenology  species interactions  temporal overlap