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Olfactory sniffing signals consciousness in unresponsive patients with brain injuries 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Hellmuth, Susanne;  Gomez-H, Laura;  Pendas, Alberto M.;  Stemmann, Olaf
收藏  |  浏览/下载:24/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

After severe brain injury, it can be difficult to determine the state of consciousness of a patient, to determine whether the patient is unresponsive or perhaps minimally conscious(1), and to predict whether they will recover. These diagnoses and prognoses are crucial, as they determine therapeutic strategies such as pain management, and can underlie end-of-life decisions(2,3). Nevertheless, there is an error rate of up to 40% in determining the state of consciousness in patients with brain injuries(4,5). Olfaction relies on brain structures that are involved in the basic mechanisms of arousal(6), and we therefore hypothesized that it may serve as a biomarker for consciousness(7). Here we use a non-verbal non-task-dependent measure known as the sniff response(8-11) to determine consciousness in patients with brain injuries. By measuring odorant-dependent sniffing, we gain a sensitive measure of olfactory function(10-15). We measured the sniff response repeatedly over time in patients with severe brain injuries and found that sniff responses significantly discriminated between unresponsive and minimally conscious states at the group level. Notably, at the single-patient level, if an unresponsive patient had a sniff response, this assured future regaining of consciousness. In addition, olfactory sniff responses were associated with long-term survival rates. These results highlight the importance of olfaction in human brain function, and provide an accessible tool that signals consciousness and recovery in patients with brain injuries.


Odorant-dependent sniff responses predicted the long-term survival rates of patients with severe brain injury, and discriminated between individuals who were unresponsive and in minimally conscious states.


  
Revisiting assessments of ecosystem drought recovery 期刊论文
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2019, 14 (11)
作者:  Liu, Laibao;  Gudmundsson, Lukas;  Hauser, Mathias;  Qin, Dahe;  Li, Shuangcheng;  Seneviratne, Sonia I.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:24/0  |  提交时间:2020/02/17
ecosystem  gross primary production  drought  drought recovery  recovery level  global  
West Valley Demonstration Project Annual Site Environmental Report Calendar Year 2013 科技报告
来源:US Department of Energy (DOE). 出版年: 2014
作者:  Rendall, John D.;  Steiner, Alison F.;  Pendl, Michael P.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:30/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
West Valley Demonstration Project  WVDP  Annual Site Environmental Report  ASER  Calendar Year 2013  CH2M HILL • B&W West Valley  LLC  DE-EM0001529  Public Health and Safety and the Environment Are Protected  Airborne and Waterborne Releases to the MEOSI  Climate Change  DOE/NYSERDA Consent Decree  Dose Assessment  Dose to Biota  Drinking Water  Environmental Characterization Support Services  Environmental Compliance  Environmental Management System: EMS  Environmental Monitoring  Groundwater Protection Program  High-Level Waste (HLW) Canister Interim Storage System  HLW canister storage pad  National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants  NESHAP  National Environmental Policy Act  NEPA  North Plateau Full-Scale Permeable Treatment Wall  PTW  Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)-Licensed Disposal Area  NDA  Performance Indicators  Phase 1 Decommissioning and Facility Disposition Contract  Phase 1 Studies  Quality Assurance  Record of Decision  ROD  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act  RCRA  Safety Success  Site Sustainability Plan  SSP  State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) Permit Noncompliance  SPDES  Tank and Vault Drying System  T&VDS  Vertical Storage Casks  VSC  Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention  Waste Tank Farm  WTF  Waste-Incidental-to-Reprocessing  WIR