The upside of aging

doi:10.1126/science.abe9110

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abe9110
	The upside of aging
	Joan Silk
	2020-10-23
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	A primary goal of science is to produce robust and generalizable theories of empirical phenomena. For psychologists, the phenomena of interest are the human mind and behavior. Both the robustness and generalizability of psychological theories have come into question over the past decade. Experimental findings from some of the most widely known theories in social psychology could not be reproduced, provoking what is sometimes called the replication crisis ([ 1 ][1]). Moreover, results derived from studies of Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies do not always generalize to a more diverse range of human societies ([ 2 ][2]). Comparative studies of humans and other species can reveal which psychological theories generalize to other species and which apply only to humans. On page 473 of this issue, Rosati et al. ([ 3 ][3]) use comparative data to assess the tenets of one prominent theory in social psychology. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) posits that humans become progressively more aware of their mortality, and this awareness prompts us to place a greater priority on positive social relationships as we grow older ([ 4 ][4]). People in several—mainly WEIRD—societies show this pattern ([ 4 ][4]). If these effects are linked to a conscious awareness of the passage of time and knowledge of our own mortality, the pattern should not generalize to other species that do not have a similarly sophisticated concept of time or the capacity to anticipate future events. To test this prediction, Rosati et al. examined age-related changes in relationship quality among male chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). Chimpanzees live in large communities that include multiple adult males, multiple adult females, and immature offspring. Communities regularly split into temporary subgroups (parties) that travel and forage independently within the group's home range ([ 5 ][5]). Throughout their lives, males remain in the communities in which they are born, whereas the majority of females disperse to new communities when they reach sexual maturity. Chimpanzees have very long life spans. Males reach adulthood at about 15 years of age, and some males live into their sixties ([ 6 ][6]). Cooperation among males plays an important role in chimpanzee life. They groom one another, form alliances against rivals, hunt together, share meat, and collectively patrol the boundaries of their territories ([ 5 ][5]). Males rely on strategic alliances to attain and maintain high rank in their groups, and high rank enhances individual fitness ([ 7 ][7]). They also have strong affinities for particular partners, and close bonds among males can last for a decade or more ([ 8 ][8]). Rosati et al. drew on an extraordinary dataset that included behavioral and demographic information collected over a 20-year period on a group of chimpanzees in the Kibale National Park of Uganda. Their sample included 21 males ranging from 15 to 58 years of age. For each year, the authors created an association index that was based on the number of times each male was in close proximity to each of the other males in the community while they were in the same party. A male's “friends” were those for whom the value of the association index exceeded the mean + 0.25 standard deviation of its association indices with all partners. In some cases a male's friendship was not reciprocated. This procedure produced three categories: mutual friends, one-sided friends, and nonfriends. The authors found that old males have significantly more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger males. Thus, a 40-year-old male has on average three times as many mutual friendships and one-third as many one-sided friendships as a 15-year-old male. Investment of males in their social bonds also changes as they age. Males over the age of 35 selectively groom males with whom they have mutual friendships, and grooming is more equitably balanced among males that have mutual friendships than among pairs of males who have one-sided friendships or males that are not friends at all. Also, rates of aggression in males decline with age, and this effect is independent of male dominance rank. Rosati et al. provide convincing evidence that male chimpanzees behave much like humans do as we age, and this pattern might exist in other primates as well ([ 9 ][9], [ 10 ][10]). Thus, the patterns that SST was created to explain appear to generalize beyond our own species and might not depend on having a well-developed concept of time or conscious awareness of mortality. Rosati et al. speculated that the patterns in chimpanzees might be influenced by age-related shifts in emotional reactivity (that is, the tendency to experience frequent and intense emotional arousal). Similar mechanisms could operate in humans and be amplified by events that prompt us to contemplate our own mortality. Similar patterns of age-related changes in social strategies in humans, chimpanzees, and other primates might be the product of evolutionary forces that shape life-history strategies. As individuals pass the age of sexual maturity, their reproductive value steadily declines. This might affect payoffs derived from alternative behavioral strategies. For example, the benefits derived from risky behaviors, such as challenging the top-ranking male for control of the group, are higher for young males than for old ones ([ 11 ][11]). This is reflected in a decline in risk-taking behavior with increasing age in humans ([ 12 ][12]) and other species. For example, the preference of European starlings for risky choices declines as a function of their telomere length, a biological measure of aging ([ 13 ][13]). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/300280
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Joan Silk. The upside of aging[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Joan Silk.(2020).The upside of aging.Science.
MLA	Joan Silk."The upside of aging".Science (2020).