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DOI | 10.5194/acp-17-12475-2017 |
Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere | |
Schuetze, Katharina1,2; Wilson, James Charles3; Weinbruch, Stephan1; Benker, Nathalie1; Ebert, Martin1; Guenther, Gebhard4; Weigel, Ralf2; Borrmann, Stephan2,5 | |
2017-10-19 | |
发表期刊 | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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ISSN | 1680-7316 |
EISSN | 1680-7324 |
出版年 | 2017 |
卷号 | 17期号:20 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | Germany; USA |
英文摘要 | Eleven particle samples collected in the polar stratosphere during SOLVE (SAGE III Ozone loss and validation experiment) from January until March 2000 were characterized in detail by high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. A total of 4202 particles (TEM = 3872; SEM = 330) were analyzed from these samples, which were collected mostly inside the polar vortex in the altitude range between 17.3 and 19.9 km. Particles that were volatile in the microscope beams contained ammonium sulfates and hydrogen sulfates and dominated the samples. Some particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 830 nm were refractory in the electron beams. Carbonaceous particles containing additional elements to C and O comprised from 72 to 100% of the refractory particles. The rest were internal mixtures of these materials with sulfates. The median number mixing ratio of the refractory particles, expressed in units of particles per milligram of air, was 1.1 (mg air)(-1) and varied between 0.65 and 2.3 (mg air)(-1). Most of the refractory carbonaceous particles are completely amorphous, a few of the particles are partly ordered with a graphene sheet separation distance of 0.37 +/- 0.06 nm (mean value +/- standard deviation). Carbon and oxygen are the only detected major elements with an atomic O/C ratio of 0.11 +/- 0.07. Minor elements observed include Si, S, Fe, Cr and Ni with the following atomic ratios relative to C: Si/C: 0.010 +/- 0.011; S = C: 0.0007 +/- 0.0015; Fe/C: 0.0052 +/- 0.0074; Cr = C: 0.0012 +/- 0.0017; Ni/C: 0.0006 +/- 0.0011 (all mean values +/- standard deviation). High-resolution element distribution images reveal that the minor elements are distributed within the carbonaceous matrix; i.e., heterogeneous inclusions are not observed. No difference in size, nanostructure and elemental composition was found between particles collected inside and outside the polar vortex. Based on chemistry and nanostructure, aircraft exhaust, volcanic emissions and biomass burning can certainly be excluded as sources. The same is true for the less probable but globally important sources: wood burning, coal burning, diesel engines and ship emissions. Recondensed organic matter and extraterrestrial particles, potentially originating from ablation and fragmentation, remain as possible sources of the refractory carbonaceous particles studied. However, additional work is required in order to identify the sources unequivocally. |
领域 | 地球科学 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000413242700002 |
WOS关键词 | TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY ; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS ; FOREST-FIRE SMOKE ; AEROSOL-PARTICLES ; UPPER TROPOSPHERE ; SULFURIC-ACID ; INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES ; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION ; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS ; PARTICULATE MATTER |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/31103 |
专题 | 地球科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Angew Geowissensch, Darmstadt, Germany; 2.Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Mainz, Germany; 3.Univ Denver, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA; 4.Res Ctr Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, Julich, Germany; 5.Max Planck Inst Chem, Partikelchem, Mainz, Germany |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Schuetze, Katharina,Wilson, James Charles,Weinbruch, Stephan,et al. Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere[J]. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2017,17(20). |
APA | Schuetze, Katharina.,Wilson, James Charles.,Weinbruch, Stephan.,Benker, Nathalie.,Ebert, Martin.,...&Borrmann, Stephan.(2017).Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,17(20). |
MLA | Schuetze, Katharina,et al."Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 17.20(2017). |
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