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英国ESRC发布《数据基础设施战略2022—2027》 快报文章
地球科学快报,2022年第12期
作者:  刘文浩
Microsoft Word(26Kb)  |  收藏  |  浏览/下载:712/0  |  提交时间:2022/06/24
ESRC  ESRC Data Infrastructure Strategy 2022—2027  
NERC发布《NERC数字战略2021—2030》 快报文章
地球科学快报,2022年第11期
作者:  刘文浩
Microsoft Word(28Kb)  |  收藏  |  浏览/下载:689/0  |  提交时间:2022/06/10
NREC  Data strategy  infrastructure  
A metabolic pathway for bile acid dehydroxylation by the gut microbiome 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Zhong, Miao;  Tran, Kevin;  Min, Yimeng;  Wang, Chuanhao;  Wang, Ziyun;  Dinh, Cao-Thang;  De Luna, Phil;  Yu, Zongqian;  Rasouli, Armin Sedighian;  Brodersen, Peter;  Sun, Song;  Voznyy, Oleksandr;  Tan, Chih-Shan;  Askerka, Mikhail;  Che, Fanglin;  Liu, Min;  Seifitokaldani, Ali;  Pang, Yuanjie;  Lo, Shen-Chuan;  Ip, Alexander;  Ulissi, Zachary;  Sargent, Edward H.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:45/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The biosynthetic pathway that produces the secondary bile acids DCA and LCA in human gut microbes has been fully characterized, engineered into another bacterial host, and used to confer DCA production in germ-free mice-an important proof-of-principle for the engineering of gut microbial pathways.


The gut microbiota synthesize hundreds of molecules, many of which influence host physiology. Among the most abundant metabolites are the secondary bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), which accumulate at concentrations of around 500 mu M and are known to block the growth ofClostridium difficile(1), promote hepatocellular carcinoma(2)and modulate host metabolism via the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 (ref.(3)). More broadly, DCA, LCA and their derivatives are major components of the recirculating pool of bile acids(4)  the size and composition of this pool are a target of therapies for primary biliary cholangitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nonetheless, despite the clear impact of DCA and LCA on host physiology, an incomplete knowledge of their biosynthetic genes and a lack of genetic tools to enable modification of their native microbial producers limit our ability to modulate secondary bile acid levels in the host. Here we complete the pathway to DCA and LCA by assigning and characterizing enzymes for each of the steps in its reductive arm, revealing a strategy in which the A-B rings of the steroid core are transiently converted into an electron acceptor for two reductive steps carried out by Fe-S flavoenzymes. Using anaerobic in vitro reconstitution, we establish that a set of six enzymes is necessary and sufficient for the eight-step conversion of cholic acid to DCA. We then engineer the pathway intoClostridium sporogenes, conferring production of DCA and LCA on a nonproducing commensal and demonstrating that a microbiome-derived pathway can be expressed and controlled heterologously. These data establish a complete pathway to two central components of the bile acid pool.


  
Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 581 (7806) : 94-+
作者:  Louca, Stilianos;  Pennell, Matthew W.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:31/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Vaccines may reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance, in part by preventing infections for which treatment often includes the use of antibiotics(1-4). However, the effects of vaccination on antibiotic consumption remain poorly understood-especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of antimicrobial resistance is greatest(5). Here we show that vaccines that have recently been implemented in the World Health Organization'  s Expanded Programme on Immunization reduce antibiotic consumption substantially among children under five years of age in LMICs. By analysing data from large-scale studies of households, we estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines confer 19.7% (95% confidence interval, 3.4-43.4%) and 11.4% (4.0-18.6%) protection against antibiotic-treated episodes of acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea, respectively, in age groups that experience the greatest disease burden attributable to the vaccine-targeted pathogens(6,7). Under current coverage levels, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines prevent 23.8 million and 13.6 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness, respectively, among children under five years of age in LMICs each year. Direct protection resulting from the achievement of universal coverage targets for these vaccines could prevent an additional 40.0 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness. This evidence supports the prioritization of vaccines within the global strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance(8).


Pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines have reduced antibiotic consumption substantially among children under five years old in low- and middle-income countries  however, this effect could be doubled if all countries were to implement vaccination programmes and meet universal vaccine coverage targets.


  
Whose coronavirus strategy worked best? Scientists hunt most effective policies 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 581 (7806) : 15-16
作者:  Callaway, Ewen;  Cyranoski, David;  Mallapaty, Smriti;  Stoye, Emma;  Tollefson, Jeff
收藏  |  浏览/下载:21/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Researchers sift through data to compare nations'  vastly different containment measures.


Whose coronavirus strategy worked best? Scientists hunt top policies Researchers sift through data to compare nations'  vastly different containment measures.


  
Giant virus diversity and host interactions through global metagenomics 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020: 1-+
作者:  Su, Jie;  Morgani, Sophie M.;  David, Charles J.;  Wang, Qiong;  Er, Ekrem Emrah;  Huang, Yun-Han;  Basnet, Harihar;  Zou, Yilong;  Shu, Weiping;  Soni, Rajesh K.;  Hendrickson, Ronald C.;  Hadjantonakis, Anna-Katerina;  Massague, Joan
收藏  |  浏览/下载:56/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Analysis of metagenomics data revealed that large and giant viruses are globally widely distributed and are associated with most major eukaryotic lineages.


Our current knowledge about nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) is largely derived from viral isolates that are co-cultivated with protists and algae. Here we reconstructed 2,074 NCLDV genomes from sampling sites across the globe by building on the rapidly increasing amount of publicly available metagenome data. This led to an 11-fold increase in phylogenetic diversity and a parallel 10-fold expansion in functional diversity. Analysis of 58,023 major capsid proteins from large and giant viruses using metagenomic data revealed the global distribution patterns and cosmopolitan nature of these viruses. The discovered viral genomes encoded a wide range of proteins with putative roles in photosynthesis and diverse substrate transport processes, indicating that host reprogramming is probably a common strategy in the NCLDVs. Furthermore, inferences of horizontal gene transfer connected viral lineages to diverse eukaryotic hosts. We anticipate that the global diversity of NCLDVs that we describe here will establish giant viruses-which are associated with most major eukaryotic lineages-as important players in ecosystems across Earth'  s biomes.


  
State of Nature in the EU----Results from reporting under the nature directives 2007–2012 科技报告
来源:Ecologic Institute (EU). 出版年: 2015
作者:  Andreas Graf;  Sandra Naumann;  McKenna Davis;  Holger Gerdes
收藏  |  浏览/下载:49/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Nature Directives  Environment  Habitats Directive  Species  Birds Directive  Biodiversity  Ecosystems  Monitoring  Natura 2000  EU Biodiversity Strategy  Europe  Data assessment  
An Indicator for Measuring Regional Progress Towards the Europe 2020 Targets 科技报告
来源:Ecologic Institute (EU). 出版年: 2014
作者:  Dr. Tanja Srebotnjak;  Albrecht Gradmann;  Lucas Porsch
收藏  |  浏览/下载:20/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
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