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Environmental Governance Dynamics: Some Micro Foundations of Macro Failures 期刊论文
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, 2020, 170
作者:  Bolognesi, Thomas;  Nahrath, Stephane
收藏  |  浏览/下载:19/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/02
Governance  Institutional dynamic  Social-ecological system  Institutional resource regime  New institutional economies  Transaction costs  Institutional complexity trap  
Targeting of temperate phages drives loss of type I CRISPR-Cas systems 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7793) : 149-+
作者:  Xiang, Lifeng;  Yin, Yu;  Zheng, Yun;  Ma, Yanping;  Li, Yonggang;  Zhao, Zhigang;  Guo, Junqiang;  Ai, Zongyong;  Niu, Yuyu;  Duan, Kui;  He, Jingjing;  Ren, Shuchao;  Wu, Dan;  Bai, Yun;  Shang, Zhouchun;  Dai, Xi;  Ji, Weizhi;  Li, Tianqing
收藏  |  浏览/下载:81/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

On infection of their host, temperate viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages  hereafter referred to as phages) enter either a lytic or a lysogenic cycle. The former results in lysis of bacterial cells and phage release (resulting in horizontal transmission), whereas lysogeny is characterized by the integration of the phage into the host genome, and dormancy (resulting in vertical transmission)(1). Previous co-culture experiments using bacteria and mutants of temperate phages that are locked in the lytic cycle have shown that CRISPR-Cas systems can efficiently eliminate the invading phages(2,3). Here we show that, when challenged with wild-type temperate phages (which can become lysogenic), type I CRISPR-Cas immune systems cannot eliminate the phages from the bacterial population. Furthermore, our data suggest that, in this context, CRISPR-Cas immune systems are maladaptive to the host, owing to the severe immunopathological effects that are brought about by imperfect matching of spacers to the integrated phage sequences (prophages). These fitness costs drive the loss of CRISPR-Cas from bacterial populations, unless the phage carries anti-CRISPR (acr) genes that suppress the immune system of the host. Using bioinformatics, we show that this imperfect targeting is likely to occur frequently in nature. These findings help to explain the patchy distribution of CRISPR-Cas immune systems within and between bacterial species, and highlight the strong selective benefits of phage-encoded acr genes for both the phage and the host under these circumstances.


CRISPR-Cas systems cannot eliminate temperate bacteriophages from bacterial populations and-in this context-the systems impose immunopathological costs on the host, creating selective pressures that may explain their patchy distribution in bacteria.


  
How detailed value of lost load data impact power system reliability decisions 期刊论文
ENERGY POLICY, 2019, 132: 1064-1075
作者:  Ovaere, Marten;  Heylen, Evelyn;  Proost, Stef;  Deconinck, Geert;  Van Hertem, Dirk
收藏  |  浏览/下载:26/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Value of lost load  Electric power system reliability  Power system management  Interruption costs  Power interruption characteristics  
The true economic value of supply-side energy storage in the smart grid environment - The case of Korea 期刊论文
ENERGY POLICY, 2018, 121: 101-111
作者:  Jeon, Wooyoung;  Mo, Jung Youn
收藏  |  浏览/下载:10/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Energy storage system  Wind generation  System costs  Smart grid  
Long-Term Development Perspectives of Sub-Saharan Africa under Climate Policies 期刊论文
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, 2018, 144: 148-159
作者:  Leimbach, Marian;  Roming, Niklas;  Schultes, Anselm;  Schwerhoff, Gregor
收藏  |  浏览/下载:20/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Climate Policy  Development  Climate Finance  Energy System Transformation  Mitigation Costs  
A dynamic simulation model for assessing the overall impact of incentive policies on power system reliability, costs and environment 期刊论文
ENERGY POLICY, 2017, 102
作者:  Ibanez-Lopez, A. S.;  Martinez-Val, J. M.;  Moratilla-Soria, B. Y.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:8/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Capacity payments  Incentives  Reserve margin  System costs  CO2 emissions