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Integrating genomic features for non-invasive early lung cancer detection 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7802) : 245-+
作者:  Wang, Qinyang;  Wang, Yupeng;  Ding, Jingjin;  Wang, Chunhong;  Zhou, Xuehan;  Gao, Wenqing;  Huang, Huanwei;  Shao, Feng;  Liu, Zhibo
收藏  |  浏览/下载:43/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Circulating tumour DNA in blood is analysed to identify genomic features that distinguish early-stage lung cancer patients from risk-matched controls, and these are integrated into a machine-learning method for blood-based lung cancer screening.


Radiologic screening of high-risk adults reduces lung-cancer-related mortality(1,2)  however, a small minority of eligible individuals undergo such screening in the United States(3,4). The availability of blood-based tests could increase screening uptake. Here we introduce improvements to cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing (CAPP-Seq)(5), a method for the analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), to better facilitate screening applications. We show that, although levels are very low in early-stage lung cancers, ctDNA is present prior to treatment in most patients and its presence is strongly prognostic. We also find that the majority of somatic mutations in the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with lung cancer and of risk-matched controls reflect clonal haematopoiesis and are non-recurrent. Compared with tumour-derived mutations, clonal haematopoiesis mutations occur on longer cfDNA fragments and lack mutational signatures that are associated with tobacco smoking. Integrating these findings with other molecular features, we develop and prospectively validate a machine-learning method termed '  lung cancer likelihood in plasma'  (Lung-CLiP), which can robustly discriminate early-stage lung cancer patients from risk-matched controls. This approach achieves performance similar to that of tumour-informed ctDNA detection and enables tuning of assay specificity in order to facilitate distinct clinical applications. Our findings establish the potential of cfDNA for lung cancer screening and highlight the importance of risk-matching cases and controls in cfDNA-based screening studies.


  
General synthesis of two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure arrays 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020: 368-+
作者:  Bloch, Joel S.;  Pesciullesi, Giorgio;  Boilevin, Jeremy;  Nosol, Kamil;  Irobalieva, Rossitza N.;  Darbre, Tamis;  Aebi, Markus;  Kossiakoff, Anthony A.;  Reymond, Jean-Louis;  Locher, Kaspar P.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:83/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) have attracted considerable interest(1-4). However, most vdWHs reported so far are created by an arduous micromechanical exfoliation and manual restacking process(5), which-although versatile for proof-of-concept demonstrations(6-16) and fundamental studies(17-30)-is clearly not scalable for practical technologies. Here we report a general synthetic strategy for two-dimensional vdWH arrays between metallic transition-metal dichalcogenides (m-TMDs) and semiconducting TMDs (s-TMDs). By selectively patterning nucleation sites on monolayer or bilayer s-TMDs, we precisely control the nucleation and growth of diverse m-TMDs with designable periodic arrangements and tunable lateral dimensions at the predesignated spatial locations, producing a series of vdWH arrays, including VSe2/WSe2, NiTe2/WSe2, CoTe2/WSe2, NbTe2/WSe2, VS2/WSe2, VSe2/MoS2 and VSe2/WS2. Systematic scanning transmission electron microscopy studies reveal nearly ideal vdW interfaces with widely tunable moire superlattices. With the atomically clean vdW interface, we further show that the m-TMDs function as highly reliable synthetic vdW contacts for the underlying WSe2 with excellent device performance and yield, delivering a high ON-current density of up to 900 microamperes per micrometre in bilayer WSe2 transistors. This general synthesis of diverse two-dimensional vdWH arrays provides a versatile material platform for exploring exotic physics and promises a scalable pathway to high-performance devices.


A general strategy for the synthesis of two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure arrays is used to produce high-performance electronic devices, showing the potential of this scalable approach for practical technologies.


  
Wafer-scale single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride monolayers on Cu (111) 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 579 (7798) : 219-+
作者:  Luong, Duy X.;  Bets, Ksenia V.;  Algozeeb, Wala Ali;  Stanford, Michael G.;  Kittrell, Carter;  Chen, Weiyin;  Salvatierra, Rodrigo V.;  Ren, Muqing;  McHugh, Emily A.;  Advincula, Paul A.;  Wang, Zhe;  Bhatt, Mahesh;  Guo, Hua;  Mancevski, Vladimir;  Shahsavari, Rouzbeh
收藏  |  浏览/下载:109/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting layered materials offer great potential for extending Moore'  s law of the number of transistors in an integrated circuit(1). One key challenge with 2D semiconductors is to avoid the formation of charge scattering and trap sites from adjacent dielectrics. An insulating van der Waals layer of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) provides an excellent interface dielectric, efficiently reducing charge scattering(2,3). Recent studies have shown the growth of single-crystal hBN films on molten gold surfaces(4) or bulk copper foils(5). However, the use of molten gold is not favoured by industry, owing to its high cost, cross-contamination and potential issues of process control and scalability. Copper foils might be suitable for roll-to-roll processes, but are unlikely to be compatible with advanced microelectronic fabrication on wafers. Thus, a reliable way of growing single-crystal hBN films directly on wafers would contribute to the broad adoption of 2D layered materials in industry. Previous attempts to grow hBN monolayers on Cu (111) metals have failed to achieve mono-orientation, resulting in unwanted grain boundaries when the layers merge into films(6,7). Growing single-crystal hBN on such high-symmetry surface planes as Cu (111)(5,8) is widely believed to be impossible, even in theory. Nonetheless, here we report the successful epitaxial growth of single-crystal hBN monolayers on a Cu (111) thin film across a two-inch c-plane sapphire wafer. This surprising result is corroborated by our first-principles calculations, suggesting that the epitaxial growth is enhanced by lateral docking of hBN to Cu (111) steps, ensuring the mono-orientation of hBN monolayers. The obtained single-crystal hBN, incorporated as an interface layer between molybdenum disulfide and hafnium dioxide in a bottom-gate configuration, enhanced the electrical performance of transistors. This reliable approach to producing wafer-scale single-crystal hBN paves the way to future 2D electronics.


  
The HyPer(sonal) Piano Project : towards a (per)sonal topography of grand piano and electronics [interactive pdf] 科技报告
来源:Center for International Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo (CICERO). 出版年: 2016
作者:  Qvenild, Morten
收藏  |  浏览/下载:10/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
hyperinstrument  piano  interagency  music technology  technology innovation  jazz  pop music  personal piano  distributed cognition  improvisation  composition  performance studies  interaction  interconnectivitiy  memories  augmented  palette  sound art  sound  sound engineering  microphones  VDP::Humaniora: 000::Musikkvitenskap: 110::Annen musikkvitenskap: 119  
West Valley Demonstration Project Annual Site Environmental Report Calendar Year 2013 科技报告
来源:US Department of Energy (DOE). 出版年: 2014
作者:  Rendall, John D.;  Steiner, Alison F.;  Pendl, Michael P.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:29/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
West Valley Demonstration Project  WVDP  Annual Site Environmental Report  ASER  Calendar Year 2013  CH2M HILL • B&W West Valley  LLC  DE-EM0001529  Public Health and Safety and the Environment Are Protected  Airborne and Waterborne Releases to the MEOSI  Climate Change  DOE/NYSERDA Consent Decree  Dose Assessment  Dose to Biota  Drinking Water  Environmental Characterization Support Services  Environmental Compliance  Environmental Management System: EMS  Environmental Monitoring  Groundwater Protection Program  High-Level Waste (HLW) Canister Interim Storage System  HLW canister storage pad  National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants  NESHAP  National Environmental Policy Act  NEPA  North Plateau Full-Scale Permeable Treatment Wall  PTW  Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)-Licensed Disposal Area  NDA  Performance Indicators  Phase 1 Decommissioning and Facility Disposition Contract  Phase 1 Studies  Quality Assurance  Record of Decision  ROD  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act  RCRA  Safety Success  Site Sustainability Plan  SSP  State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) Permit Noncompliance  SPDES  Tank and Vault Drying System  T&VDS  Vertical Storage Casks  VSC  Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention  Waste Tank Farm  WTF  Waste-Incidental-to-Reprocessing  WIR