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Horizon Scan of the Belt and Road Initiative 期刊论文
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION, 2020, 35 (7) : 583-593
作者:  Hughes, Alice C.;  Lechner, Alex M.;  Chitov, Alexander;  Horstmann, Alexander;  Hinsley, Amy;  Tritto, Angela;  Chariton, Anthony;  Li, Binbin, V;  Ganapin, Delfin;  Simonov, Eugene;  Morton, Katherine;  Toktomushev, Kemel;  Foggin, Marc;  Tan-Mullins, May;  Orr, Michael C.;  Griffiths, Richard;  Nash, Richard;  Perkin, Scott;  Glemet, Raphael;  Kim, Minsun;  Yu, Douglas W.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:32/0  |  提交时间:2020/08/18
Stiffness of the human foot and evolution of the transverse arch 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Fujioka, Yuko;  Alam, Jahangir Md.;  Noshiro, Daisuke;  Mouri, Kazunari;  Ando, Toshio;  Okada, Yasushi;  May, Alexander I.;  Knorr, Roland L.;  Suzuki, Kuninori;  Ohsumi, Yoshinori;  Noda, Nobuo N.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:25/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The transverse tarsal arch, acting through the inter-metatarsal tissues, is important for the longitudinal stiffness of the foot and its appearance is a key step in the evolution of human bipedalism.


The stiff human foot enables an efficient push-off when walking or running, and was critical for the evolution of bipedalism(1-6). The uniquely arched morphology of the human midfoot is thought to stiffen it(5-9), whereas other primates have flat feet that bend severely in the midfoot(7,10,11). However, the relationship between midfoot geometry and stiffness remains debated in foot biomechanics(12,13), podiatry(14,15) and palaeontology(4-6). These debates centre on the medial longitudinal arch(5,6) and have not considered whether stiffness is affected by the second, transverse tarsal arch of the human foot(16). Here we show that the transverse tarsal arch, acting through the inter-metatarsal tissues, is responsible for more than 40% of the longitudinal stiffness of the foot. The underlying principle resembles a floppy currency note that stiffens considerably when it curls transversally. We derive a dimensionless curvature parameter that governs the stiffness contribution of the transverse tarsal arch, demonstrate its predictive power using mechanical models of the foot and find its skeletal correlate in hominin feet. In the foot, the material properties of the inter-metatarsal tissues and the mobility of the metatarsals may additionally influence the longitudinal stiffness of the foot and thus the curvature-stiffness relationship of the transverse tarsal arch. By analysing fossils, we track the evolution of the curvature parameter among extinct hominins and show that a human-like transverse arch was a key step in the evolution of human bipedalism that predates the genus Homo by at least 1.5 million years. This renewed understanding of the foot may improve the clinical treatment of flatfoot disorders, the design of robotic feet and the study of foot function in locomotion.


  
Magnetite nanoparticles as efficient materials for removal of glyphosate from water 期刊论文
NATURE SUSTAINABILITY, 2020, 3 (2) : 129-+
作者:  Park, Hyoungwon;  May, Alexander;  Portilla, Luis;  Dietrich, Hanno;  Muench, Friedrich;  Rejek, Tobias;  Sarcletti, Marco;  Banspach, Leena;  Zahn, Dirk;  Halik, Marcus
收藏  |  浏览/下载:14/0  |  提交时间:2020/08/19
The earliest modern humans outside Africa 期刊论文
SCIENCE, 2018, 359 (6374) : 456-459
作者:  Hershkovitz, Israel;  Weber, Gerhard W.;  Quam, Rolf;  Duval, Mathieu;  Gruen, Rainer;  Kinsley, Leslie;  Ayalon, Avner;  Bar-Matthews, Miryam;  Valladas, Helene;  Mercier, Norbert;  Luis Arsuaga, Juan;  Martinon-Torres, Maria;  Bermudez de Castro, Jose Maria;  Fornai, Cinzia;  Martin-Frances, Laura;  Sarig, Rachel;  May, Hila;  Krenn, Viktoria A.;  Slon, Viviane;  Rodriguez, Laura;  Garcia, Rebeca;  Lorenzo, Carlos;  Miguel Carretero, Jose;  Frumkin, Amos;  Shahack-Gross, Ruth;  Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef;  Cui, Yaming;  Wu, Xinzhi;  Peled, Natan;  Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris;  Weissbrod, Lior;  Yeshurun, Reuven;  Tsatskin, Alexander;  Zaidner, Yossi;  Weinstein-Evron, Mina
收藏  |  浏览/下载:30/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Active molecular iodine photochemistry in the Arctic 期刊论文
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2017, 114 (38) : 10053-10058
作者:  Raso, Angela R. W.;  Custard, Kyle D.;  May, Nathaniel W.;  Tanner, David;  Newburn, Matt K.;  Walker, Lawrence;  Moore, Ronald J.;  Huey, L. G.;  Alexander, Liz;  Shepson, Paul B.;  Pratt, Kerri A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:23/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
atmosphere  iodine  cryosphere  snowpack  photochemistry