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Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 581 (7806) : 94-+
作者:  Louca, Stilianos;  Pennell, Matthew W.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:29/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Vaccines may reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance, in part by preventing infections for which treatment often includes the use of antibiotics(1-4). However, the effects of vaccination on antibiotic consumption remain poorly understood-especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of antimicrobial resistance is greatest(5). Here we show that vaccines that have recently been implemented in the World Health Organization'  s Expanded Programme on Immunization reduce antibiotic consumption substantially among children under five years of age in LMICs. By analysing data from large-scale studies of households, we estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines confer 19.7% (95% confidence interval, 3.4-43.4%) and 11.4% (4.0-18.6%) protection against antibiotic-treated episodes of acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea, respectively, in age groups that experience the greatest disease burden attributable to the vaccine-targeted pathogens(6,7). Under current coverage levels, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines prevent 23.8 million and 13.6 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness, respectively, among children under five years of age in LMICs each year. Direct protection resulting from the achievement of universal coverage targets for these vaccines could prevent an additional 40.0 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness. This evidence supports the prioritization of vaccines within the global strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance(8).


Pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines have reduced antibiotic consumption substantially among children under five years old in low- and middle-income countries  however, this effect could be doubled if all countries were to implement vaccination programmes and meet universal vaccine coverage targets.


  
Relationships between vegetation in student environments and academic achievement across the continental U.S 期刊论文
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING, 2019, 189: 212-224
作者:  Hodson, Cody B.;  Sander, Heather A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:19/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Urban vegetation  Green space  Academic achievement  High school graduation rates  Reading proficiency  Mathematics proficiency  
Learning from Summer: Effects of Voluntary Summer Learning Programs on Low-Income Urban Youth 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2016
作者:  Catherine H. Augustine;  Jennifer Sloan McCombs;  John F. Pane;  Heather L. Schwartz;  Jonathan Schweig;  Andrew McEachin;  Kyle Siler-Evans
收藏  |  浏览/下载:33/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Educational Program Evaluation  Educational Administration  Academic Achievement  After-School Programs  Disadvantaged Students  Summer Learning  
Improving Teaching Effectiveness: Impact on Student Outcomes: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Through 2013-2014 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2016
作者:  Italo A. Gutierrez;  Gabriel Weinberger;  John Engberg
收藏  |  浏览/下载:39/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Academic Achievement  Students  Faculty  Education Reform  Human Capital Investments  Teacher Effectiveness  
Evaluation of the Regional Choice Initiative 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2016
作者:  Andrea Phillips;  Kun Yuan;  Shannah Tharp-Gilliam
收藏  |  浏览/下载:10/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Educational Program Evaluation  Pennsylvania  Choice-Based Education Reform  Education Curriculum  Academic Achievement  
What Are Teachers' and School Leaders' Major Concerns About New K-12 State Tests? Findings from the American Teacher and American School Leader Panels 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2016
作者:  Julia H. Kaufman;  Laura S. Hamilton;  Brian M. Stecher;  Scott Naftel;  Michael Robbins;  Chandra Garber;  Cordaye Ogletree;  Susannah Faxon-Mills;  V. Darleen Opfer
收藏  |  浏览/下载:19/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Students  Academic Achievement  Elementary Education  Teacher Effectiveness  Education Policy  Principals  
Continued Progress: Promising Evidence on Personalized Learning: Executive Summary 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2015
作者:  John F. Pane;  Elizabeth D. Steiner;  Matthew D. Baird;  Laura S. Hamilton
收藏  |  浏览/下载:33/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Teachers and Teaching  Academic Achievement  Education Policy  Students  Educational Program Evaluation  Teacher Effectiveness  Personalized Learning  
Continued Progress: Promising Evidence on Personalized Learning: Survey Results Addendum 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2015
作者:  Elizabeth D. Steiner;  Laura S. Hamilton;  Evan Peet;  John F. Pane
收藏  |  浏览/下载:42/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Teachers and Teaching  Academic Achievement  Education Policy  Students  Educational Program Evaluation  Teacher Effectiveness  Personalized Learning  
Examining the Early Impacts of the Leading Educators Fellowship on Student Achievement and Teacher Retention 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2015
作者:  Kata Mihaly;  Benjamin Master;  Cate Yoon
收藏  |  浏览/下载:12/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
Educational Program Evaluation  Missouri  Teacher Training  Teacher Effectiveness  Academic Achievement  Louisiana  
Building Better Boyhood Programs: Evaluation of Programs Funded by the African American Men and Boys Task Force Initiative 科技报告
来源:Rand Corporation. 出版年: 2015
作者:  Dana Schultz;  Lisa Sontag-Padilla
收藏  |  浏览/下载:17/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/05
African-American Populations  Adolescents  Academic Achievement  Minority Students